Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Search Search Appearance Donate Create account Log in Personal tools Donate Create account Log in Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1 Historic Toggle Historic subsection 1.1 Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1.2 Second Polish Republic 2 People's Republic and Third Republic Toggle People's Republic and Third Republic subsection 2.1 Polish People's Republic 2.2 Third Polish Republic rights 3 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 3.1 List of minorities 4 See also 5 References Toggle the table of contents Ethnic minorities in Poland 10 languages Беларуская Български Kaszëbsczi Ελληνικά Français Polski Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read Edit View history General What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2022) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ethnic minorities in Poland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (December 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 291 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at [[:pl:Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) After centuries of relative ethnic diversity, the population of modern Poland has become nearly completely ethnically homogeneous Polish as a result of altered borders and the Nazi German and Soviet or Polish Communist population transfers, expulsions and deportations (from or to Poland) during and after World War II. Ethnic minorities remain in Poland, however, including some newly arrived or increased in number. Ethnic groups include Germans, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Historic [edit] Main article: Demographic history of Poland Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth [edit] Although the concept of an ethnic minority is mostly used about a modern period, Poland has historically been a multi-ethnic country. The early influx of Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, and Germans was particularly notable, and they formed significant minorities (or majorities) in urban centers. Walloons migrated to Poland probably since the 12th century, however, the first written mention of Walloon immigrants in Wrocław comes from c. 1270.[1] Armenians and Scots, who formed notable communities, lived in Poland since the 14th century. After the late-14th-century Polish–Lithuanian union and the Union of Lublin, which established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, Lithuanians and Ruthenians became part of the population. A 1493 estimate listed the combined population of Poland and Lithuania at 7.5 million, broken down by ethnicity: 3.25 million Poles 3.75 million Ruthenians (present-day Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Rusyns) 0.5 million Lithuanians[2] In 1618, after the Truce of Deulino, the Commonwealth's territory increased and its population reached 12 million. Its inhabitants could be roughly divided into: Poles – 4.5 million Ukrainians – 3.5 million Belarusians – 1.5 million Lithuanians – 0.75 million Prussians – 0.75 million Jews – 0.5 million Livonians – 0.5 million At that time, the szlachta (nobility) were 10 percent of the population and the burghers 15 percent.[3] With the population and territorial losses of the mid- and late 17th century, the 1717 population of the Commonwealth had declined to nine million in the following ethnic groups: 4.5 million Poles 1.5 million Ukrainians 1.2 million Belarusians 0.8 million Lithuanians 0.5 million Jews 0.5 million others[3] Second Polish Republic [edit] Main articles: Second Polish Republic and Polonization § Second Polish Republic (1918-1939) 1937 linguistic map of Poland Languages of instruction in interwar Polish schools and ethnic "mother tongues", 1937–38 According to the 1921 Polish census, 30.8 percent of the population were ethnic minorities.[4] This increased due to the Polish victory in the Polish-Soviet War and the large territorial gains in the east as a consequence. According to the 1931 Polish census (as cited by Norman Davies),[5] 68.9 percent of the population was Polish, 13.9 percent were Ukrainians, about 10 percent Jewish, 3.1 percent Belarusians, 2.3 percent Germans and 2.8 percent other groups (including Lithuanians, Czechs and Armenians). There were also smaller communities of Russians and Romani people. The minority situation was complex and fluid during the period. Poland was also a nation of many religions. In 1921, 16,057,229 Poles (about 62.5 percent) were Roman Catholics, 3,031,057 (about 11.8 percent) were Eastern Rite Catholics (primarily Ukrainian Greek and Armenian Rite Catholics), 2,815,817 (about 10.95 percent) were Greek Orthodox, 2,771,949 (about 10.8 percent) were Jewish, and 940,232 (about 3.7 percent) were Protestants (mostly Lutherans).[6] Poland had the world's second-largest Jewish population by 1931: one-fifth, about 3,136,000.[4] People's Republic and Third Republic [edit] Polish People's Republic [edit] Before World War II, one-third of Poland's population belonged to ethnic minority groups. Poland's minorities were mostly gone after the war, however, due to the 1945 revision of borders and the Holocaust. Under the National Repatriation Office (Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny), millions of Poles were forced to leave their homes in the eastern Kresy region and settle in territories regained from Germany in the west. About five million remaining Germans (about eight million had already fled or been expelled, and about one million had been killed between 1944 and 1946) were similarly expelled from those territories to Allied-occupied Germany in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Bieszczady Mountains region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in Operation Vistula. The Jewish population of Poland, the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was almost completely destroyed by 1945. Approximately three million Jews died of starvation in ghettos and labor camps, or were slaughtered in Nazi extermination camps or by Einsatzgruppen death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 came from Germany and other countries. There were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland at the country's postwar peak, settled mainly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków and Wrocław.[7] Third Polish Republic rights [edit] The rights of ethnic minorities in Poland are guaranteed in article 35 of the 1997 Constitution: The Republic of Poland shall ensure Polish citizens belonging to national or ethnic minorities the freedom to maintain and develop their own language, to maintain customs and traditions, and to develop their own culture. National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity. The Act on Ethnic and National Minorities and on the Regional Language of 6 January 2005 (Polish: Ustawa o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym)[8] stipulates that to be recognized as an ethnic or national minority, a group must reside in Poland for at least 100 years; this excludes minorities recognized by the Communist regime, such as the Greeks.[9] There are three categories of recognized minorities in Poland: nine national minorities (Belarusians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Germans, Armenians, Russians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Jews), four ethnic minorities (Karaites, Lemkos, Roma and Tatars), and the regional Kashubian linguistic minority.[8][10] Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on 12 February 2009:[11] Minority languages: Belarusian, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Karaim, Kashubian, Lithuanian, the Lemko dialects, German, Armenian, Romani, Russian, Slovak, Tatar and Ukrainian Regional language: Kashubian National-minorities languages: Belarusian, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak and Ukrainian Ethnic-minority languages: Karaim, Lemko, Romani and Tatar Non-territorial languages: Hebrew, Yiddish, Karaim, Armenian and Romani Minorities have a number of rights, including street signs and education in their native language, cultural development and non-assimilation. In municipalities (gminy) where they constitute more than 20 percent of the population, they have the right to official communications in their native language. Such municipalities must be included on the official register of municipalities where an additional language is used, and incentives exist for officials of these municipalities to learn the regional language.[8] Demographics [edit] Map of Poland showing areas that are at least 5% inhabited by ethnic minorities In the Polish census of 2002, 96.7 percent claimed Polish nationality and 97.8 percent said that they speak Polish at home.[12] In the 2011 census, 1.44 percent of Poland's 39 million inhabitants said that they had an ancestry other than Polish. That figure included 418,000 who identified as Silesian (362,000 as a single ethnicity and 391,000 as a second ethnicity) and 17,000 Kashubians (16,000 as a single ethnicity). Recognized minorities were 0.3 percent of the population: 49,000 Germans (26,000 a single ethnicity), 36,000 Ukrainians (26,000 single-ethnicity), 7,000 Lemkos (5,000 single-ethnicity), 37,000 Belarusians (31,000 single-ethnicity), 12,000 Roma people (9,000 single-ethnicity), and 8,000 Russians (5,000 single-ethnicity); 0.2 percent of the population were foreign citizens.[13][14] In Poland, the following minorities are recognized as national minorities: Belarusian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian and Jewish, and as ethnic minorities: Karaim, Lemko, Roma and Tatar.[15] 2002 census: 38,230,080 – Total population of Poland 36,983,720 – Polish 774,885 – Nationality not specified 471,475 – Non-Polish or multi-ethnic Polish census of 2011:[16] 38,512,000 – Total population of Poland 36,157,000 – Polish ethnicity 951,000 – Nationality not specified 1,404,000 declared non-Polish ethnicity first or second; 842,000 declared Polish and non-Polish ethnicity (52 percent of Silesians, 93 percent of Kashubians, 46 percent of Germans, and 40 percent of Ukrainians); 640,000 declared non-Polish nationality first (562,000 declared only non-Polish ethnicity); 802,000 declared non-Polish ethnicity second (50 percent Silesian, 26 percent Kashubian, eight percent German). Polish census of 2021:[17] 38,036,118 – Total population of Poland 36,620,217 – Only Polish ethnicity 974,852 – Polish and non-Polish ethnicity (respondents could declare up to two ethnicities) 397,848 – One non-Polish ethnicity 32,073 – Two non-Polish ethnicities 11,128 – Ethnicity not specified Non-European ethnic groups in Poland according to the 2021 census[17] Major regions of origin Population size Most numerous ethnic groups included North American ethnic groups 33,786 Americans, Canadians, Afro-Americans, etc. West Asian ethnic groups 19,704 Armenians, Karaites, Turks, Arabs, Georgians, etc. South Asian ethnic groups 16,266 Romani people, Indians, Pakistanis, Nepalis, etc. Southeast Asian ethnic groups 6,677 Vietnamese, Filipinos, Thai, Indonesians, etc. Central Asian ethnic groups 6,598 Tatars, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, etc. Northeast Asian ethnic groups 6,263 Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Mongols, etc. Latin American ethnic groups 4,462 Brazilians, Mexicans, Peruvians, Colombians, etc. Oceanian ethnic groups 4,260 Australians, New Zealanders, Papuans, Maoris, etc. Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups 4,064 Nigerians, Ethiopians, Asante, Congolese, Zulus, etc. North African ethnic groups 3,887 Egyptians, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans, etc. North Caucasian ethnic groups 1,310 Chechens, Circassians, Balkars, Ingush, etc. Caribbean ethnic groups 602 Cubans, Dominicans, Haitians, Jamaicans, etc. Total non-European ethnic groups 107,879 List of minorities [edit] Armenians Further information: Armenians in Poland Renaissance-Baroque "Armenian Tenements" in Zamość Around 50,000 Armenians settled in Poland in the 14th century,[18] and an Armenian colony gradually formed through successive immigrations. According to the Polish census of 2002, there are 1,082 Armenians in Poland,[12] although Armenian-oriented sources cite estimates as high as 92,000.[19] Bangladeshis This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (December 2022) Further information: Bangladeshis in Poland Belarusians Further information: Belarusian minority in Poland In the Polish census of 2002, 48,700 people said that they belong to this group.[10] This number fell to 46,800 in the 2011 census.[20] They live in close concentrations in southern and eastern Białystok, near and in areas adjoining the Polish-Belarusian border. Chechens This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (December 2022) Chechens live in small ethnic communities in major cities such as Warsaw, Kraków, and Gdańsk. Czechs Further information: Czechs in Poland Czech inscription at the Polish Reformed Church in Zelów According to the Polish census of 2002, 386 Czechs live in Poland;[10] many live in Zelów or near the Czech border, such as in the Czech Corner. The best-known Pole with Czech roots was, arguably, painter Jan Matejko. Danes 5,204 Danes live in Poland.[citation needed] Dutch Further information: Dutch people in Poland The first place in present-day Poland where Dutch immigrants settled was Pasłęk in 1297, once renamed Holąd after the settlers.[21] Since the 16th century, Poland was home to a sizeable Dutch diaspora, made up mainly of Mennonites, religious refugees from the Netherlands. In the 2011 Polish census, 3,927 people declared Dutch nationality, of which 3,326 declared both Polish and Dutch nationality.[22] Frisians There were 109 self-declared Frisians in the 2002 census, including 36 Polish citizens. French Further information: French people in Poland Historically, there were three major surges of French migration to Poland, consisting of persecuted Huguenots following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, then in the 17th century when French noblewomen Marie Louise Gonzaga and Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien were Queens consorts of Poland, and the flight of French monarchists, merchants and craftsmen from the French Revolution in the late 18th century.[23] There were 1,633 French in the 2002 census, including 1,068 Polish citizens. Germans Further information: German minority in Poland Ethnic Germans remain in Silesia, Pomerania, Warmia-Masuria and Lubusz Land. According to the 2002 census, 147,094 Germans live primarily in the region of Opole, Katowice and Częstochowa (southern Poland).[10] Germans first came to Silesia during the Late Middle Ages,[24] and largely either fled from the advancing Eastern Front during World War II or were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement after the war. Gorals Polish Gorals are an ethnic group in southern Poland who speak a Polish dialect which has been heavily influenced by Slovak. Some urban Poles find this dialect difficult to understand.[25] Polish Gorals live primarily in the region of Podhale and are separated from Slovak Gorals by the High Tatra mountains, which (with Zakopane Style architecture) are an important part of Goral identity and part of the reason why Zakopane is a popular tourist destination and winter resort town.[citation needed] A Nazi attempt to Germanize the Goralenvolk during its World War II occupation of Poland was largely unsuccessful. Greeks Further information: Greeks in Poland Orthodox Parish of Saints Constantine and Helen in Zgorzelec, founded by Greek immigrants Four to five thousand Greeks live in central and southeast Poland, most of whom came in 1949, after the Greek Civil War. It is estimated that after this conflict, some 14,000 Greeks came to Poland, settling mainly in the town of Zgorzelec in Lower Silesia. In the course of time, most of them returned to their homeland or moved to Germany. According to the 2011 census, there are 3,600 individuals who claim some form of Greek identity living in Poland. Among famous Poles of Greek origin are musicians Eleni Tzoka and Apostolis Anthimos. Jews Further information: History of the Jews in Poland Poland had the world's largest population of Jews for many centuries, and Jews were Poland's first minority group. However, the community did not survive World War II. Before the war, there were 3,474,000 Jews in Poland. 90% of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust following the German invasion of Poland. Those who escaped mostly went to the United States, Israel, Great Britain or Latin America. Many survivors willingly emigrated or were expelled by the Communists after the war. In the 2002 census, there were 1,055 Jewish people in Poland.[10] In the 2011 census, that number increased to 7,353.[26] They live primarily in large cities such as Warsaw, Wrocław, Kraków and Lublin. Karaims There were 45 Crimean Karaims in the 2002 census, 43 of whom were Polish citizens. Kashubians In the Polish census of 2002, 5,100 people declared Kashubian ethnicity; 52,665 declared Kashubian as their native language. In ten municipalities, more than 20 percent of the population spoke Kashubian: Przodkowo (49 percent), Sulęczyno (48.6 percent), Stężyca (43.2 percent), Sierakowice (39.9 percent), Linia (35.5 percent), Chmielno (34.8 percent), Puck (30.9 percent), Somonino (30.8 percent), Szemud (26.3 percent) and Parchowo (22.6 percent).[12] In the 2011 census, the number of people citing Kashubian as their first single ethnicity increased to 17,000; 229,000 declared Kashubian as their first or second ethnicity.[16] Kursenieki The Kursenieki-populated area in 1649 The Kursenieki, also known as Kuronowie Pruscy and Kurończycy in Polish and Kuršininkai in Lithuanian, are a nearly-extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit. They were assimilated by the Germans except along the Curonian Spit, where some still live. Lemkos and Rusyns In the 2002 census, 5,850 Polish citizens declared themselves Lemkos and 62 identified as Rusyns. In the 2011 census, 10,000 people declared Lemkos as their first or second ethnicity. Lithuanians Further information: Lithuanian minority in Poland There were 5,846 Lithuanians in Poland (5,639 Polish citizens), according to the 2002 census. They live in close concentrations in Suwałki in north-eastern Poland and in Puńsk Municipality, where they were 74.4 percent of the population. Macedonians Further information: Macedonians in Poland There were 286 Macedonians in Poland in the 2002 census, including 187 Polish citizens. Five thousand Macedonian speakers were mentioned in 1970.[27] Masurians There were 46 self-declared Masurians in the 2002 census, all Polish citizens. Romani There were 12,731 Romani people in Poland, according to the 2002 census.[10] The Polish Roma population suffered heavily from their attempted extermination by Germany during World War II. They are dispersed and live around the country, although they are more numerous in the south. Russians Further information: Russian minority in Poland Russians are scattered around Poland, but live mainly in the east. There were 3,244 Russians in Poland in the 2002 census.[10] This includes Old Believers, numbering two to three thousand in north-eastern Poland. Scots Further information: Scots in Poland Modern view of Szkocja (Polish for Scotland), a village founded for Scottish settlers In 1380, the first Scots settled in Gdańsk, founding what would eventually become a significant Scottish diaspora in Poland.[28] Scottish people migrated to Poland in large numbers in the mid-16th century. Mostly from the Highlands and mainly Catholic and Episcopalian, they fled religious persecution and harsh economic conditions. There was extensive trade between Scotland's eastern ports, such as Dundee, Leith and Aberdeen, and towns such as Gdańsk and Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad).[29] William Lithgow, who visited Poland in 1616, reported an estimated 30,000 Scottish families living in the country which he described as "... a mother and nurse for the youth and younglings of Scotland ... in cloathing, feeding, and inrichening them".[30] Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen, and could be found in towns on the banks of the Vistula as far south as Kraków. It is believed that many Poles have unacknowledged Scottish ancestry.[31][32] There were 26 self-declared Scots in the 2011 census, including 13 Polish citizens. Silesians Further information: Silesians In the 2002 census, 173,153 people declared Silesian ethnicity and about 60,000 listed Silesian as their native language. In the 2011 census, Silesian ethnicity was declared by 809,000 responders out of five million in the region (including 362,000 who declared it as their only ethnicity, 418,000 who declared it as their first ethnicity, and 415,000 who declared it with a Polish ethnicity.[33] Slovaks Slovaks live in southern Poland, and there were 1,710 in the 2002 census.[10] Polish Slovaks inhabit two small frontier regions in Spisz and Orawa (near the Polish-Slovak border). Larger groups of Slovaks live in Kraków and Silesia. Swedes Swedes live in Warsaw, Szczecin, Kamień Pomorski, Gdańsk, and Wrocław. Tatars Further information: Lipka Tatars Bohoniki Mosque Small populations of Polish Lipka Tatars practice Islam. Some Polish villages, mainly in northeastern Poland's Podlaskie Voivodeship, have mosques. Tatars arrived as mercenary soldiers during the late 14th century. The 2002 census listed 447 people declaring this ethnicity.[10] Ukrainians Further information: Ukrainians in Poland See also: Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present) Before the Russian-Ukrainian War, Ukrainians in Poland were scattered throughout eastern and northern districts. In the Polish census of 2002, 27,172 people declared that they belonged to this group.[10] Vietnamese Further information: Vietnamese people in Poland About 30,000 Vietnamese lived in Poland in 2015, primarily in large cities.[34] They publish a number of pro- and anti-Communist newspapers. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities after World War II. Their numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War, when agreements between the Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to receive industrial training in Poland. A large number of Vietnamese immigrants arrived after 1989.[35] Others Groups of Americans (1,541 in 2002, 992 of whom had Polish citizenship), Britons, Turks (232, including 74 Polish citizens), Hungarians (579, including 228 Polish citizens), Italians (1,367, including 835 Polish citizens), Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians (1,112, including 404 Polish citizens), Romanians, Georgians, Palestinians (229, including 146 Polish citizens) and other Arabs, Kurds, Scandinavians, and Flemings (23, including 10 Polish citizens) live in Poland. See also [edit] Demographics of Poland Little Treaty of Versailles Racism in Poland Refugees in Poland Africans in Poland References [edit] ^ Zientara, Benedykt (1975). "Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku". Przegląd Historyczny (in Polish). No. 66/3. p. 353. ^ Based on 1493 population map (p.92) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0880293942 ^ a b Based on 1618 population map Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine (p.115), 1618 languages map (p.119), 1657-1667 losses map (p.128) and 1717 map Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine (p.141) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0880293942 ^ a b Joseph Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939, Mouton Publishing, 1983, ISBN 90-279-3239-5, Google Books, p. 17 ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-12819-3, p.299 ^ Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 ^ "Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) Archived 7 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Yale University Press, 2005 ^ a b c "Ustawa o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym" ^ Konrad Pędziwiatr, “Silesian autonomist movement in Poland and one of its activists Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine”, Tischner European University, 2009 ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Polish) Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce Archived 7 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine on the pages of Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration. Retrieved on 9 September 2007. – English version Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Status as of: 10/4/2012 ^ a b c Polish population census 2002 nationalities tables 1 or 2 ^ “Narodowości w Polsce”, Polskie Radio, 22 March 2012 ^ more complete official results, with table: Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Opracowanie przygotowane na Kongres Demograficzny w dniach 22-23 marca 2012 r., p.18 ^ "Statistics Poland / Metainformation / Glossary / Terms used in official statistics". stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 7 September 2025. ^ a b Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Warszawa 2012, pp. 105-106 ^ a b GUS. "Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego; spis 2021". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 August 2024. ^ "Epilogue – History of Armenia". Armenica.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ Armenians in Poland on ArmenianDiaspora.com Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 1 May 2009 ^ www.ideo.pl, ideo -. "Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski – NSP 2011". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 31 January 2017. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (in Polish). Vol. III. Warszawa. 1882. p. 96.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2013. p. 260. ISBN 978-83-7027-521-1. ^ Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów (in Polish). 1941. pp. 3, 5, 7. ^ Weinhold, Karl (1887). Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien [The Spread and the Origin of Germans in Silesia] (in German). Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn. ^ Magosic, Paul Robert (2005). "The Rusyn Question". Retrieved 30 January 2008. ^ "Charakterystyka mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w Polsce - Mniejszości Narodowe i Etniczne". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ in: Harald Haarmann, Soziologie und Politik der Sprachen Europa, Munich, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, wissenschaftliche Reihe 4161, 1975, 436 p. ^ Wijaczka, Jacek (2010). "Szkoci". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.). Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona. p. 201. ISBN 978-83-11-11724-2. ^ A Fischer, The Scots in Germany, 1902, John Donald reprint 1973. ^ M Lynch, Scotland, A New History, Pimlico, London 2000 ^ "Scottish Poland". www.inyourpocket.com. Retrieved 27 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) ^ "Academic studies Poland's Scots". BBC News. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Przemysław Jedlecki "Ponad 800 tys. Ślązaków!" (Over 800 thousand Silesian!"), "Gazeta Wyborcza, 2012-03-22 (in Polish) ^ (in Polish) Wietnamczyk w postkomunistycznej Europie Archived 10 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. rp.pl. Retrieved 2011-05-30. ^ Ewa Nowicka, YOUNG VIETNAMESE GENERATION IN POLAND: CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE, PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI, 2014, No. II"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) v t e Poland articles History Timeline Prehistory and protohistory Kuyavian long barrows Bronocice pot Middle Ages Monarchs Early Modern (1569–1795) Partitions, duchies and kingdoms (1795–1918) World War I Interwar years World War II Communist Poland Poland since 1989 By topic Cultural Demographic Economic Military Postal Abolition of serfdom Geography Cities and towns Forests Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Poland A and B Protected areas Regions historical Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Border Guard Central European Initiative Climate change Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ Judiciary Law Gun laws Law enforcement Police Prison Service Lustration Military Parliament Political parties Politicians President List Prime Minister List Political prisoners Visegrád Group Economy Agriculture Balcerowicz Plan Central bank Economic history EEZ Energy Exports Merchant Navy Mining Poverty Regional GDP per capita Stock exchange Tourism Transport Rail Railway signalling Unemployment Upper Silesian Industrial Region Venture capital Złoty (currency) Society Lawyers Television Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Folklore Folk dances Libraries Literature Media Music Names Polish name Name days Public holidays Religion Serfdom Sport Theatre Traditions Video games World Heritage Sites Demographics Poles Ethnic minorities Refugees Crime Education Health care Life expectancy Languages Symbols Anthem Banner Coat of arms Flag list Orders and decorations Polonia Outline Category Portal v t e Ethnic groups in Poland Poles Greater Poland people Bambers Kaliszans Kuyavians Kuyavian Borowiaks Taśtaks Lesser Poland people Cracovians Lasovians Lublinians Sandomierzans Masovians Łowiczans Kurpies Masurians Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Podlachians Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Pogórzanie Others Kocievians Łęczycans Sieradzans Warmians Gorals Sącz Lachs Silesian Gorals Żywiec Gorals Kashubians Gochs Krubans Slovincians Tuchola Borowians Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Other Slavic Belarusians Czechs Lemkos Macedonians Podlashuks Poleshuks Rusyns Boykos Russians Serbs Slovaks Sorbs Ukrainians Ruthenians Gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus Germanic Dutch Olenders English Flemings Vilamovians Germans Galician Germans Halcnovians Kosznajders Pomeranians Vistula Germans Volhynian Germans Walddeutsche Vistula delta Mennonites Romance French Italians Walloons Others European Armenians Crimean Karaites Greeks Hungarians Jews Ashkenazi Jews Lipka Tatars Lithuanians Locals Scots Non European Africans Bangladeshis Circassians Filipinos Georgians Indians Koreans Nepalis Romani Bergitka Roma Polska Roma Turks Uzbeks Vietnamese v t e Ethnic minorities in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland&oldid=1341481528" Category: Ethnic groups in Poland Hidden categories: CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 maint: deprecated archival service CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2020 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles needing translation from Polish Wikipedia Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Polish-language text Articles to be expanded from December 2022 All articles to be expanded All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 This page was last edited on 3 March 2026, at 12:23 (UTC). 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